LETTERS FROM READERS
Our Data on Mortality from ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Nuestros datos acerca de la mortalidad del infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST

  • CONSTANZA BELÉN ZACARIAS, 12 ORCID logo 
  • 1  Staff member Department of Cardiology , Hospital Argerich, Buenos Aires.
  • 2  Staff member Department of Cardiology , Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires.
 
 

Acute myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of mortality in Argentina. In ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction, the total duration of ischemia is crucial in determining the prognosis, as ‘time is myocardium’. Technological advances have reduced ischemic times worldwide, which has been associated with a decrease in mortality. In Argentina, the ARGENIAM-ST registry is the only national registry of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction with 10 years of follow-up. (1) The best way to monitor this condition is through such registries, which reflect real-world care, thereby enabling the planning of health policies and the evaluation of their outcomes.

The national effectiveness in terms of reperfusion therapy is noteworthy, with door-to-reperfusion times similar to those in international registries and reperfusion rates exceeding 90% in 8 of the 10 years of the study.

However, our main weakness, as evidenced by the registry, lies in the prolonged time from the onset of symptoms to presentation, which could explain the lack of decline in mortality over these 10 years compared with registries from other countries. (2,3) The average symptom-presentation time is 120 minutes, significantly longer than that reported in registries such as the Spanish registry, which is approximately 60 minutes. (4)

It is essential to improve public education on recognizing symptoms consistent with myocardial infarction and to implement national strategies to optimize patient referral to achieve early reperfusion.

It is worth noting the decline in patient enrolment over the years. A limitation of these registries is their representativeness. Given that participation is voluntary, they tend to reflect the practice of institutions with greater academic motivation-generally those with higher patient volumes, which are the ones that sustain the registry over time. (5) It is essential to reinforce the importance of maintaining and expanding these registries within the medical community to promote more equitable and effective health policies.

The lack of reduction in the mortality rate over these 10 years, despite the therapeutic advances, is discouraging; yet there is still hope that the healthcare system will improve, ensuring universal access and reducing delays. This will help to achieve a mortality rate from acute myocardial infarction similar to that seen in international registries.

Ethical considerations

Not applicable.

Conflicts of interest

None declared.

(See authors' conflict of interests forms on the web).

 
 

REFERENCES

1. D'Imperio H, Gagliardi J, Charask A, Castillo Y, Macin S, Zapata G, et al., on behalf of the investigators of the ARGEN-IAM ST registry. Trends in mortality in ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction over 10 years in Argentina. ARGEN-IAM-ST Registry. Rev Argent Cardiol 2026; 94:5-11. https://doi.org/10.7775/rac.es.v94.i1.20967

2. Rodríguez Esteban M de los Á, Llanos JC, Farrais Villalba M, et al.. ARIAM REPORT 2021

3. Zeymer U, Ludman P, Danchin N, Kala P, Laroche C, Sadeghi M, et al.; ACVC EAPCI EORP ACS STEMI Investigators Group of the ESC. Reperfusion therapies and in-hospital outcomes for STelevation myocardial infarction in Europe: the ACVC-EAPCI EORP STEMI Registry of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2021;42:4536-49. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab342.

4. Rodríguez-Leor O, Cid-Álvarez AB, Pérez De Prado A, Rossello X, Ojeda S, Serrador A, et al.. Analysis of care for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in Spain. Results from the ACI-SEC Myocardial Infarction Registry. Rev Esp Cardiol 2022;75:669-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rec.2021.12.005.

5. Tajer C. Making the iceberg of myocardial infarction mortality in Argentina visible. Rev Argent Cardiol 2017;85:407-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7775/rac.v85.i5.12466


AUTHORS’ REPLY

 

As Dr Zacarías emphasizes, the data reveal a reality that leaves us with a bittersweet taste. On the one hand, we see high rates of reperfusion and, on the other, high mortality rates. When we take a closer look and realize how long it takes to seek medical care, we feel responsible for the lack of health promotion regarding acute myocardial infarction, as cardiovascular causes are the leading cause of death in Argentina, as evidenced by the vital statistics reports from the Ministry of Health. (1) Moreover, this is largely preventable if risk factors are managed appropriately, and when it does occur, mortality should be lower compared to other countries. (2) National publication records indicate that since 2008, mortality has not fallen below 8%. (3) But then, what does the high reperfusion rate tell us? It does not appear that the healthcare system has a problem with resources (we are, of course, speaking in general terms, as there are situations where resources are scarce), nor with the concept, since patients do undergo reperfusion. So why is mortality so high? The answer could lie in the failure to meet operational targets that have an impact on the total duration of ischemia. And how can we address the situation? The hospital door is a useful point at which to divide the problem into two parts. From the door outward, we must promote the early recognition of chest pain and warning signs. Inside the hospital, we must optimize our organization to receive patients and perform proper triage. Every institution should also be part of a myocardial infarction care network to effectively manage resources. Low-complexity centers should be aware of their support centers, which, in turn, should be aware of their role within the network to avoid delays, particularly within a fragmented healthcare system such as the one in Argentina. As we have previously mentioned, the ARGEN-IAM-ST is not the only registry showing these data, as they are available in previous studies and vital statistics from the Ministry of Health: from different angles, with the same results. One activity that could prove constructive at conferences is to discuss, in addition to mortality in myocardial infarction, potential solutions to the consultation and care process, such as the feasibility of implementing artificial intelligence to enhance triage in the emergency department, the use of data to improve the logistics of patient transfers, and coordination with cardiac catheterization laboratories, etc. (4)

Finally, it is important to mention the long-term costs for heart attack survivors. The total duration of ischemia accounts for not only mortality, but also in- and out-of-hospital complications. Although the ARGEN IAM-ST registry does not report on the latter, these complications are well known and generate a significant burden of healthcare costs due to left ventricular dysfunction, which, depending on its severity, leads to specific treatments for heart failure, the implantation of expensive devices and, in the longer term, the need for a heart transplant n some cases - all of which are preventable and avoidable. (5)

Heraldo D’Imperio1,MTSAC ORCID logo
1 General Coordinator of the National Registry of ST-segment
Elevation Myocardial Infarction. ARGEN-IAM-ST

 
 

REFERENCES

1. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/salud/deis/publicaciones

2. Faixedas MT, Mauri J, Pueyo MJ; members of the Master Plan for Cardiovascular Diseases. The Codi IAM registry: acute myocardial infarction code registry in Catalonia. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 2022;75:291-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rec.2021.11.004

3. Zapata G. Argentine Federation of Cardiology Myocardial Infarction Code - CI FAC: National Programme on education, prevention, management and research into acute heart attacks of the Argentine Federation of Cardiology. Rev Fed Arg Cardiol 2023;52:65-7. https://doi.org/10.63600/c0yrhy60

4. Almulihi QA, Alquraini AA, Almulihi FA, Alzahid AA, Al Qahtani SSAJ, Almulhim M, et al.. Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Emergency Medicine Triage - A Systematic Review. Med Arch 2024;78:198-206. https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2024.236-239

5. Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CL. Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials. Lancet 2003;361:13-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12113-7

 
 

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